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Module std.traits

Templates which extract information about types and symbols at compile time.

Category Templates
Symbol Name traits fullyQualifiedName moduleName packageName
Function traits arity functionAttributes functionLinkage FunctionTypeOf isSafe isUnsafe ParameterDefaults ParameterIdentifierTuple ParameterStorageClassTuple Parameters ReturnType SetFunctionAttributes variadicFunctionStyle
Aggregate Type traits BaseClassesTuple BaseTypeTuple classInstanceAlignment EnumMembers FieldNameTuple Fields hasAliasing hasElaborateAssign hasElaborateCopyConstructor hasElaborateDestructor hasIndirections hasMember hasNested hasUnsharedAliasing InterfacesTuple isNested MemberFunctionsTuple RepresentationTypeTuple TemplateArgsOf TemplateOf TransitiveBaseTypeTuple
Type Conversion CommonType ImplicitConversionTargets CopyTypeQualifiers CopyConstness isAssignable isCovariantWith isImplicitlyConvertible
Categories of types isAggregateType isArray isAssociativeArray isBasicType isBoolean isBuiltinType isDynamicArray isFloatingPoint isIntegral isNarrowString isAutodecodableString isNumeric isPointer isScalarType isSigned isSomeChar isSomeString isStaticArray isUnsigned
Type behaviours isAbstractClass isAbstractFunction isCallable isDelegate isExpressions isFinalClass isFinalFunction isFunctionPointer isInstanceOf isIterable isMutable isSomeFunction isTypeTuple
General Types ForeachType KeyType Largest mostNegative OriginalType PointerTarget Signed Unqual Unsigned ValueType
Misc mangledName Select select
User-Defined Attributes hasUDA getUDAs getSymbolsByUDA

Functions

Name Description
lvalueOf Creates an lvalue or rvalue of type T for typeof(...) and _traits(compiles, ...) purposes. No actual value is returned.
rvalueOf Creates an lvalue or rvalue of type T for typeof(...) and _traits(compiles, ...) purposes. No actual value is returned.
select If cond is true, returns a without evaluating b. Otherwise, returns b without evaluating a.

Enums

Name Description
FunctionAttribute Returns the attributes attached to a function func.
ParameterStorageClass Returns a tuple consisting of the storage classes of the parameters of a function func.
Variadic Determines what kind of variadic parameters function has.

Templates

Name Description
areAllSafe Deprecated. It's badly named and provides redundant functionality. It was also badly broken prior to 2.060 (bug# 8362), so any code which uses it probably needs to be changed anyway. Please use allSatisfy(isSafe, ...) instead. This will be removed in June 2015.
BaseClassesTuple Get a TypeTuple of all base classes of this class, in decreasing order. Interfaces are not included. BaseClassesTuple!Object yields the empty type tuple.
BaseTypeTuple Get a TypeTuple of the base class and base interfaces of this class or interface. BaseTypeTuple!Object returns the empty type tuple.
CommonType Get the type that all types can be implicitly converted to. Useful e.g. in figuring out an array type from a bunch of initializing values. Returns void if passed an empty list, or if the types have no common type.
FieldNameTuple Get as an expression tuple the names of the fields of a struct, class, or union. This consists of the fields that take up memory space, excluding the hidden fields like the virtual function table pointer or a context pointer for nested types. If T isn't a struct, class, or union returns an expression tuple with an empty string.
Fields Get as a tuple the types of the fields of a struct, class, or union. This consists of the fields that take up memory space, excluding the hidden fields like the virtual function table pointer or a context pointer for nested types. If T isn't a struct, class, or union returns a tuple with one element T.
fullyQualifiedName Get the fully qualified name of a type or a symbol. Can act as an intelligent type/symbol to string converter.
FunctionTypeOf Get the function type from a callable object func.
hasAliasing Returns true if and only if T's representation includes at least one of the following:
  1. a raw pointer U* and U is not immutable;
  2. an array U[] and U is not immutable;
  3. a reference to a class or interface type C and C is not immutable.
  4. an associative array that is not immutable.
  5. a delegate.
hasElaborateAssign True if S or any type directly embedded in the representation of S defines an elaborate assignment. Elaborate assignments are introduced by defining opAssign(typeof(this)) or opAssign(ref typeof(this)) for a struct or when there is a compiler-generated opAssign.
hasElaborateCopyConstructor True if S or any type embedded directly in the representation of S defines an elaborate copy constructor. Elaborate copy constructors are introduced by defining this(this) for a struct.
hasElaborateDestructor True if S or any type directly embedded in the representation of S defines an elaborate destructor. Elaborate destructors are introduced by defining ~this() for a struct.
hasIndirections Returns true if and only if T's representation includes at least one of the following:
  1. a raw pointer U*;
  2. an array U[];
  3. a reference to a class type C.
  4. an associative array.
  5. a delegate.
hasNested Determines whether T or any of its representation types have a context pointer.
hasUDA Determine if a symbol has a given user-defined attribute.
hasUnsharedAliasing Returns true if and only if T's representation includes at least one of the following:
  1. a raw pointer U* and U is not immutable or shared;
  2. an array U[] and U is not immutable or shared;
  3. a reference to a class type C and C is not immutable or shared.
  4. an associative array that is not immutable or shared.
  5. a delegate that is not shared.
ImplicitConversionTargets Returns a tuple with all possible target types of an implicit conversion of a value of type T.
InterfacesTuple Get a TypeTuple of all interfaces directly or indirectly inherited by this class or interface. Interfaces do not repeat if multiply implemented. InterfacesTuple!Object yields the empty type tuple.
isCallable Detect whether T is a callable object, which can be called with the function call operator (...).
isCovariantWith Determines whether the function type F is covariant with G, i.e., functions of the type F can override ones of the type G.
isDelegate Detect whether symbol or type T is a delegate.
isExpressions Check whether the tuple T is an expression tuple. An expression tuple only contains expressions.
isFunctionPointer Detect whether symbol or type T is a function pointer.
isSomeFunction Detect whether symbol or type T is a function, a function pointer or a delegate.
isTypeTuple Check whether the tuple T is a type tuple. A type tuple only contains types.
Largest Returns the largest type, i.e. T such that T.sizeof is the largest. If more than one type is of the same size, the leftmost argument of these in will be returned.
mangledName Returns the mangled name of symbol or type sth.
MemberFunctionsTuple Returns a tuple of non-static functions with the name name declared in the class or interface C. Covariant duplicates are shrunk into the most derived one.
moduleName Get the module name (including package) for the given symbol.
mostNegative Returns the most negative value of the numeric type T.
packageName Get the full package name for the given symbol.
Parameters Get, as a tuple, the types of the parameters to a function, a pointer to function, a delegate, a struct with an opCall, a pointer to a struct with an opCall, or a class with an opCall.
RepresentationTypeTuple Get the primitive types of the fields of a struct or class, in topological order.
ReturnType Get the type of the return value from a function, a pointer to function, a delegate, a struct with an opCall, a pointer to a struct with an opCall, or a class with an opCall. Please note that ref is not part of a type, but the attribute of the function (see template functionAttributes).
SetFunctionAttributes Constructs a new function or delegate type with the same basic signature as the given one, but different attributes (including linkage).
TransitiveBaseTypeTuple Get a TypeTuple of all base classes of T, in decreasing order, followed by T's interfaces. TransitiveBaseTypeTuple!Object yields the empty type tuple.
Unqual Removes all qualifiers, if any, from type T.

Enum values

Name Type Description
arity Returns the number of arguments of function func. arity is undefined for variadic functions.
functionAttributes Returns the attributes attached to a function func.
functionLinkage Returns the calling convention of function as a string.
hasMember Yields true if and only if T is an aggregate that defines a symbol called name.
isAbstractClass Detect whether T is a an abstract class.
isAbstractFunction Detect whether T is a an abstract function.
isAggregateType Detect whether type T is an aggregate type.
isArray Detect whether type T is an array (static or dynamic; for associative arrays see isAssociativeArray).
isAssignable Returns true iff a value of type Rhs can be assigned to a variable of type Lhs.
isAssociativeArray Detect whether T is an associative array type
isAutodecodableString Detect whether type T is a string that will be autodecoded.
isBasicType Detect whether T is a basic type (scalar type or void).
isBoolean Detect whether T is a built-in boolean type.
isBuiltinType Detect whether type T is a builtin type.
isDynamicArray Detect whether type T is a dynamic array.
isFinalClass Detect whether T is a a final class.
isFinalFunction Detect whether T is a a final function.
isFloatingPoint Detect whether T is a built-in floating point type.
isImplicitlyConvertible Is From implicitly convertible to To?
isInstanceOf Returns true if T is an instance of the template S.
isIntegral Detect whether T is a built-in integral type. Types bool, char, wchar, and dchar are not considered integral.
isIterable Returns true if T can be iterated over using a foreach loop with a single loop variable of automatically inferred type, regardless of how the foreach loop is implemented. This includes ranges, structs/classes that define opApply with a single loop variable, and builtin dynamic, static and associative arrays.
isMutable Returns true if T is not const or immutable. Note that isMutable is true for string, or immutable(char)[], because the 'head' is mutable.
isNarrowString Detect whether type T is a narrow string.
isNested Determines whether T has its own context pointer. T must be either class, struct, or union.
isNestedFunction Determines whether function f requires a context pointer.
isNumeric Detect whether T is a built-in numeric type (integral or floating point).
isPointer Detect whether type T is a pointer.
isSafe true if func is @safe or @trusted.
isScalarType Detect whether T is a scalar type (a built-in numeric, character or boolean type).
isSigned Detect whether T is a built-in signed numeric type.
isSIMDVector Detect whether type T is a SIMD vector type.
isSomeChar Detect whether T is one of the built-in character types.
isSomeString Detect whether T is one of the built-in string types.
isStaticArray Detect whether type T is a static array.
isUnsafe true if func is @system.
isUnsigned Detect whether T is a built-in unsigned numeric type.
variadicFunctionStyle Determines what kind of variadic parameters function has.

Aliases

Name Type Description
classInstanceAlignment maxAlignment!(void*,typeof(T.tupleof)) Returns class instance alignment.
ConstOf const(T) ditto.
CopyConstness Unshared!(CopyTypeQualifiers!(FromType,ToType)) Returns the type of Target with the "constness" of Source. A type's constness refers to whether it is const, immutable, or inout. If source has no constness, the returned type will be the same as Target.
CopyTypeQualifiers ModifyTypePreservingTQ!(T,FromType) Copies type qualifiers from FromType to ToType.
EnumMembers EnumSpecificMembers!(__traits(allMembers,E)) Retrieves the members of an enumerated type enum E.
FieldTypeTuple Alternate name for FieldTypeTuple, kept for legacy compatibility.
ForeachType ReturnType!(typeof((inoutintx=0){foreach(elem;T.init){returnelem;}assert(0);})) Returns the inferred type of the loop variable when a variable of type T is iterated over using a foreach loop with a single loop variable and automatically inferred return type. Note that this may not be the same as std.range.ElementType!Range in the case of narrow strings, or if T has both opApply and a range interface.
getSymbolsByUDA Filter!(hasSpecificUDA,TypeTuple!(symbol,staticMap!(StringToSymbol,__traits(allMembers,symbol)))) Gets all symbols within symbol that have the given user-defined attribute. This is not recursive; it will not search for symbols within symbols such as nested structs or unions.
getUDAs Filter!(isDesiredUDA,__traits(getAttributes,symbol)) Gets the user-defined attributes of the given type from the given symbol.
ImmutableOf immutable(T) ditto.
InoutOf inout(T) Add specific qualifier to the given type T.
isExpressionTuple Alternate name for isExpressions, kept for legacy compatibility.
KeyType K Get the Key type of an Associative Array.
OriginalType ModifyTypePreservingTQ!(Impl,T) Strips off all enums from type T.
ParameterDefaults Impl!() Get, as a tuple, the default value of the parameters to a function symbol. If a parameter doesn't have the default value, void is returned instead.
ParameterDefaultValueTuple Alternate name for ParameterDefaults, kept for legacy compatibility.
ParameterIdentifierTuple Impl!() Get, as a tuple, the identifiers of the parameters to a function symbol.
ParameterStorageClassTuple demangleNextParameter!margs Returns a tuple consisting of the storage classes of the parameters of a function func.
ParameterTypeTuple Alternate name for Parameters, kept for legacy compatibility.
pointerTarget Deprecated. Please use PointerTarget instead. This will be removed in June 2015.
PointerTarget T Returns the target type of a pointer.
Select T[!condition] Aliases itself to T[0] if the boolean condition is true and to T[1] otherwise.
SetFunctionAttributes FunctionTypeOf!(SetFunctionAttributes!(T*,linkage,attrs)) Constructs a new function or delegate type with the same basic signature as the given one, but different attributes (including linkage).
SharedConstOf const(shared(T)) ditto.
SharedInoutOf inout(shared(T)) ditto.
SharedOf shared(T) ditto.
Signed ModifyTypePreservingTQ!(Impl,OriginalType!T) Returns the corresponding signed type for T. T must be a numeric integral type, otherwise a compile-time error occurs.
TemplateArgsOf Args Returns a TypeTuple of the template arguments used to instantiate T.
TemplateOf Base Returns an alias to the template that T is an instance of.
Unsigned ModifyTypePreservingTQ!(Impl,OriginalType!T) Returns the corresponding unsigned type for T. T must be a numeric integral type, otherwise a compile-time error occurs.
ValueType V Get the Value type of an Associative Array.

Authors

Walter Bright, Tomasz Stachowiak (isExpressions), Andrei Alexandrescu, Shin Fujishiro, Robert Clipsham, David Nadlinger, Kenji Hara, Shoichi Kato

License

Boost License 1.0.

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